Energy Frontier Workshop Plenary
      8/30/21
      
      >> Shall we give it another minute or two?
      >> Yeah.
      >> Let's give it 2 or 3 minutes at least.
      MEENAKSHI: Okay, so, we'll start now.  And I'm Meenakshi Narain.  And on behalf of the Energy Frontier Conveners and Laura Reina and Alessandro Tricoli, we welcome you to the Energy Frontier Workshop.  As everybody is quite aware of, we were in a slowdown mode since last January.  And during this time, there has been some progress made in various topical groups as well as some new ideas have started.  So, we want to take stock of what we have been doing during this slowdown mode.  And, of course, also, identify gaps and figure out a plan moving forward towards the final report next summer.
      And so, since we have already waited a couple minutes at the beginning, I'll give it over to Alessandro to start off this session with our overview of the Energy Frontier, schedule, and plans.  So, thanks, Alessandro.  Go ahead.
      ALESSANDRO: Hello, I'm sharing my slides now.
      MEENAKSHI: I have to unshare.
      ALESSANDRO: Okay.  All right.  So, you should see my slides.
      MEENAKSHI: Yep.
      ALESSANDRO: All right.  Full screen now.  You should be able to see it.  So, welcome, everyone, again, after a 6month pause, or slowdown of activities.  Hopefully you have more energy than before.  Than ever before in continuing this activity.  And working towards the final report that we expect next year.  So, welcome back to the Energy Frontier.  Before we start, I want to make a few announcements.  First of all, we're very glad that all plenary sessions will be captioned by White Coat.  Amanda is already broadcasting the captioning in this Streamtext URL, if you can see there.  Also linked from Indico agenda.  But also, if you turn on the closed captioning live transcript at the bottom of your screen, this captioning is also embedded in Zoom.  So, you have two ways to access the transcript.
      And also, to facilitate the work of the captioner, we invite all the speakers of plenary sessions to upload the slides ahead of time.  Possibly a day ahead of the talks.  And for this we want to also thank Brookhaven National Lab, and specifically the DEI office for the generous support to provide captioning.
      Another announcement.  For those people who miss live interactions in this COVID19 period and would like to step out from the main Zoom room, we have created Hangout rooms called 1, 2, 3 so you can talk freely with one or multiple colleagues.  These rooms are not recorded and not captioned.  You just need to go to the breakout room symbol in Zoom.  Join the Hangout room that you like together with the colleagues that you would like to talk to.  And then to return to the main room, just click on "Leave room."  And if you need more rooms for more onetoonediscussions just let us know and we will create more on the fly.
      The whole workshop will take place in this Zoom link you are connected to including sessions.  For the parallel sessions, which occur simultaneously, we will create a breakout room with the proper title of the breakout room of the session that will occur.  So, you only need to join the main Zoom room and then choose the appropriate breakout room that you want to attend.  So, hopefully that is easy enough.
      Now, let's go back to the subject of this workshop.  As you well know, we had to delay to 2022 for the Snowmass reports due to the COVID pandemic.  So, the Energy Frontier slowed down activities until the end of June.  Some topical groups decided to completely pause, others to just slow down activities.  But the work of the community continued collaboratively as before.  For example, in Monte Carlo, production activity continued to support the needs of the Energy Frontier.  And some topical groups had informal conversations on general themes that they chose to support the community.
      Now, this workshop is meant to regroup after a few months of pause.  To assess the progress made so far in the last 6 months, but also in the previous year.  See the new studies emerged.  Identify gaps towards the final reports.  And also update the community with plans and goals.  So, some of this will take place in this presentation and this plenary.  And more information in other sessions this week.
      For those who are new to Snowmass, a brief recap of the organization.  Laura Reina, Meenakshi Narain and Alessandro Tricoli, myself, are the conveners.  We have ten topical groups in four main categories.  EF01 to EF04, the Higgs boson, and EF05 to EF07, strong Abstractions, and EF08 to EF10, models.  And we have the two conveners.  Laura will go into what each of the topical groups typically cover.  But also, we have established a Monte Carlo task force and production team led by John Stupak.  The mandate was to put in place and assess the needs of the Monte Carlo frontier.  And now the team that is in place is mandated to start the production.  John will give a presentation in this plenary to discussion the needs of a Monte Carlo team and how you can contribute and what examples can become available.
      So, the topical groups are very much intertwined.  There's a lot of overlap between all these topical groups.  But also, there's a crossfertilization with other frontiers.  Laura, again, will go into more of the overlap and the realm of each of these topical groups.  But I will refer you to the Energy Frontier Wiki, and the Wiki pages and the topical groups and the indico meeting agendas.  And we have a calendar so you can be aware of all the meetings that take place on a weekbyweek basis.  And also, if you want to be in touch by list or Slack channels, there's a communication link down there.
      And also, we have highlevel and bidirectional communication with other Frontiers which is very important to make sure we are in good communication with other Frontiers and important for this workshop.  You can see the other Frontiers listed have one or two liaisons.  But what emerged very quickly in our Snowmass activity, the renewed interest for the Muon Collider.  We have the forum.  You can see the conveners, which belong to the EF, AF and theory frontier.  And here we have a Wiki page which is newly created.  Please join activities if you have interested in the Muon Collider studies.
      And the Snowmass thrives on the participation of Early Career physicists.  And in Snowmass, it's really an ideal environment for young physicists to get involved, promote their work and think ahead.  Because this is the future of their career.  And there's an Early Career representation in the Energy Frontier.  This rotates every 3 months.  And at the moment, Grace Cummings and Matt LeBlanc are in the Early Career.  If you are Early Career stage, get in touch with Grace and Matt.  Especially if you need guidance on how to get involved with Energy Frontier decease.  Grace and Matt will help build bridges between new collaborators.  Please get in touch.  There are points of entry for Early Career people within Snowmass.
      And Snowmass is really our time to innovate and set new directions without barriers and constraints set by our collaborations.  We want to explore the TeV energy scale and beyond, trying to understand what should be in the next collider, leptonlepton, hadronhadron, leptonhadron, and to do that, we need to set some questions.  And focusing on open questions to evaluate existing ideas.  How those existing ideas can help us as steppingstones towards addressing new questions.  For example, if HLLHC result welcomes how they can be useful to shape studies for future colliders.  And also, this is important to identify new ideas, as I mentioned.  And ultimately, we want to study the merit of our different collider options.  This is in the context not only with the Energy Frontier, but also with other Frontiers.
      A bit of history. Had the kickoff meeting last May, and then the workshop in July with the panel where we asked some big picture questions to distinguished physicists.  And the Zoom recording is available as linked there.
      And the scenario is changing very fast.  Since last  since the beginning of Snowmass, or in just a year, we probably have the evidence.  So, a breaking of a paradigm in the lepton flavor sector.  So, it's becoming even more urgent now to see how we can probe directly, or indirectly in the Energy Frontier the underlying flavor structure of the standard model.  So, you see here two teasers, two plots from lepton flavor LHCb and the datatheory theory.  And this is the subject of the talk in the afternoon session.
      But this lists another point which is very important.  These results, these possible evidence of breaking of the standard model paradigm are coming at the moment from other frontiers with physicists or cosmological frontiers.  The energy frontier, even though it seems slow at start is necessary to win the race to discover new fundamental loads of physics.  And the reach is very broad.  We need to test many observables to pin down the origin of new physics.  And there's a new complementarity between electroweak precisions and fits.  Please join us to understand the fundamental laws of physics.
      We can do that with many machines.  The debate is between hadron colliders, lepton colliders, circular versus linear colliders.  And all have their pros and cons and many ideas.  Hadron colliders, of course, allow us to reach high energy scales.  Can allow many multiple detectors.  Are affected by poor signaltobackground ratio and by pdf access.  Leptons are clearer, and the large ratio allows polarized beams, but limited in the mass reach.  Circular allows higher luminosity, several interaction points, but affected by synchrotron radiation.  Linear are easier to upgrade, but are affected by a bremsstrahlung.  This is the debate we are in.
      And towards the goal of trying to report, we see some benchmark parameters for the various accelerator options which are the main ones, say.  But this does not exclude that we should go beyond those parameters if people have time to explore other parameter spaces.  So, you see here for various options, the energy study, the polarization of the beams, the limited velocity.  And moving towards more of the organizational part, we are very happy that we received a lot of interest from national and international community.  We received 376 letters of intent last fall.  Of which 268 pertained to Energy Frontier alone.  And many others are together with other Frontiers.
      And this was a major effort of solicitation of LOIs from topical group conveners.  And we are very happy that committee is very much engaged.  However, if you haven't submitted the LOI, no worries.  You're still in time.  Just let us know your ideas and your plans.  And you're very much welcome to join our effort.  Briefly on the timeline going forward.  So, between January and June this year, we had a slowdown of activities.  At the end of June, we restarted our activities.
      MidJuly we had the D PF meeting with the Snowmass Townhall.  And now we have this Energy Frontier restart workshop.  On September 24th, Snowmass day.  I'll give more details.  March 15, 2022, is deadline for contributed papers.  End of May is the deadline for submission of preliminary topical group reports.  End of June is the decline for preliminary frontier reports.  This will lead to the midJuly community summer study in Seattle.  And eventually end of September we will have the final reports that will lead to a publication of Snowmass book and guide documents end of October.
      A bit more details on the upcoming plans for the Energy Frontier.  As I mentioned, it's Snowmass Day for all Frontiers on September 24th.  Energy Frontier will give a short presentation together with other Frontiers.  But we will also have a plenary session and the speakers will be career people, most likely postdocs.  So, they give their perspective to topical activities and highlights of Early Career status.
      And then moving forward in winter, we'll have probably a few oneday virtual workshops split by topic.  For example, standard model, Higgs, B SM, et cetera.  To check the progress towards the March deadline for contributed papers and discuss overlap with other frontiers.  In the spring, we will have the workshop where you contributed papers towards the deadline for topical group reports and converge on summary plots and the main messages we're going to get across.
      And between March and July, we will have circulations of preliminary reports both at topical group level and Energy Frontier level and then public readings to collect the feedback from the whole community, from all of you, and improve our report.
      And with this, I'll complete just showing the agenda of the workshop.  Here in blue you see the plenary sessions.  We have one right now.  We have one in the afternoon after the break where we discuss physics anomalies and progress instrumentation.  And tomorrow, two sessions, one on theory needs and progress in accelerators.  And one on emerging future collider ideas and progress instrumentation.  And then on Friday, we'll have three hours where we go through the highlights of topical groups.  Highlights of sessions, but also plans moving forward from topical conveners.
      In green, our parallel sessions arranged by topical groups.  But also are arranged together with other Frontiers.  One example is tomorrow afternoon, a session on dark matter and the other one on  together with computational frontier.  And here in purple, we have several unstructured discussion sessions.  And the idea is to have the brainstorming and exchanging of ideas for presentations.  The first one today will be with community engagement frontier.  We'll discuss funding issues in the Energy Frontier which is more and more pressing and how to better reach out to government.  And we have three unstructured sessions.  Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday with the Accelerator Frontier.  And very importantly, the last one on Friday afternoon to discuss plans towards the final reports.  How to present results, for example, plots and tables.
      So, the agenda is really structured to facilitate discussion.  So, please part in the discussion and hopefully we'll be aligned.
      And I don't need to go much in the summary.  Just very brief.  We have a very ambitious plan in the Energy Frontier.  And we can accomplish these plans only if you help us to do so within the Energy Frontier.  But also across other Frontiers.  We have restarted activities, which took off already last year.  But restarted full steam now.  We have a lot of enthusiasm.  We hope this enthusiasm is renewed now.  The structure of the organization continues as last year.  So, please get involved and hopefully you will enjoy the workshop this week.  Thank you.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you, Alessandro.  So, you have any questions or comments, please raise your hand and I will call upon you.  Okay.  I don't see any hands raised in Zoom.
      So, the next  thank you, Alessandro, very nice 
      ALESSANDRO: Thank you.
      MEENAKSHI: Summary of the schedule in advance.  Next I'm going to invite Laura Reina to give the highlights from the Energy Frontier work which has happened mostly during the slowdown and pause.  So, please begin, Laura, any time.  Laura, we don't hear you.  If you are speaking.
      LAURA: Sorry.  I was muted.  Can you see my screen?
      MEENAKSHI: Yes, we see your screen.  Thank you.
      LAURA: Thank you.  Moving on to the highlights from the Energy Frontier.  These will be structured as highlights from the topical groups that after a brief introduction that have been the soul and the backbone of the Energy Frontier and accomplished an enormous amount of work since they started being active in spring 2020, I will say.  So, by the fall community meeting that we had in October 2020, they had already outlined a very rich program of physics organized around some key questions that has been our modus operandi from the very beginning that I will use as introduction to their highlights in this very short presentation.
      During the pause, the topical groups have been there.  They have not been as active as they used to be during the first part of Snowmass.  But they have served as a sort of reference and minimal framework to reach all participants in the community.  Could refer to, people could start to contribute or continue to contribute.  They're now back eager to present what their physics plan is based on the work done in the past and the contributions they have received so far and help recruit new people to help with the work and to bring in new ideas.
      So, as you have heard from Alessandro, we have organized our work around the three main areas of standard model, electroweak, strong interactions and beyond the standard model.  And from the very beginning we liked the proposal as the goal to bring out the fundamental questions so which we would like to find answers.  And both in terms of theoretical investigation and experimental investigations.  So, in the electroweak interaction area, of course, and beyond the standard model physics are the key question that came out was really around the origin of the electroweak scale, finding the origin of the electroweak scale.  And these materialized in many studies from the precision of the Higgs measurements to constrain triviality physics.  That then gave direct input to a group of electroweak fits exploring the measure of the Higgs potential, the couplings, the connection between Higgs and flavor.  As well as the impact and implications of naturalness.  This is focus points that's then developed many focus points for the BSM and topical groups.
      BSM has evolved with two main tracks.  One more modelindependent and one more modelspecific.  And both complementary to each other.  Both are very rich and interconnected in ideas.  So, models, as you know, they play a special role to link highlevel theoretical ideas to consistent phenomena in a consistent way.  But the question is which models should we consider and how to compare model and model parameter spaces in a consistent way.  And are we leaving something out?  Are there alternatives that we need to consider?  That's the point and the place with the more modelindependent and agnostic way of addressing kicks in and becomes fundamental.  Becomes really important.  In particular, in avoiding gaps in coverage and exploring ideas or characteristics that sometimes can be hidden in the specificity of a given model.
      Now, if we wanted to talk about future colliders both in the shortterm and in the longterm and we see a big portion is hadron colliders, the study of interactions in different regimes becomes really important.  This is the focus of the groups where the key question around which of the work in the QCD group has been nucleated has been at the fundamental level and the applicable or practical level.  They have gone over a broad range of questions that we can summarize into addressing perturbative and noneffects.  Precision is definitely needed if we want this machine to use it to the fullest potential of this machine at the level.  Which is what they can reach.  This has been, indeed, the focus of the QCD topical groups at  that will be then reflected in the highlights that I will give shortly.
      So, finding answers to these very general questions that we were able to outline as the foundation of our physics program within the Energy Frontier has brought a very interesting discussion.  More specific discussion.  Because answers to these very general questions bring specific questions.  And they were both on the experimental side and on the theoretical side, of course.  You want to ask yourself, given this plan, which collider and properties are better tailored to what we want to achieve?  Can we identify technologies that will represent definitely a step forward?  On the theoretical side, the basic question, the most important question is what do we need from theory?  Where is theory going to have the most impact?  And how can we strike the right balance of total freedom of investigation and specific contribution to specific problems that can bring out the potential of this machine even more?
      Both of these areas will be the topic of several discussions and several parallel sessions that we have set in place for these restart workshops, and we definitely need the contribution of everybody interested in contributing to push them forward and to really learn from these discussions at the next level.
      So, coming to the highlights of the topical groups.  They are organized into three main areas.  So, electroweak  and BSM.  Starting from the highlights of the electroweak working groups, they have sort of a Venn Diagram approach to illustrate both the specificity of each of them and the overlaps of them.  We have four.  Four of them.  EF1, 2, 3 and 4.  The first two are about Higgs physics within and beyond the standard model.  So, coupling properties, extended Higgs sectors and their interplay.  We have a topical group on heavy flavors.  So, top and bottom and charm.  And EF4 where all electroweak physics comes together in formulating strategies for observable Higgs.
      So, to go to the highlights that they would like to present to you, have to go briefly over them.  There are many more details in these slides that you are welcome to read.  But we wanted to have these highlights thrown at you just that you somehow show as a preview of what is going to be discussed into the parallel sessions and the instructor discussions that are the core of these workshops, as a matter of fact.
      So, EF01 is standard model Higgs.  Higgs boson properties and couplings.  They had a series of fantastic discussions during the preparation and the restart of these  of our activities.  And they're focused on the topics that really are missing.  So, they're topics for which we really need a lot of investigation.  So, light fermion Yukawa couples.  The progress on the inverse problem.  So, how to investigate the effect of new Higgs as a portal of new physics will give us information on the specific standard model, or through interaction with the Higgs participates.  And we can go from a more general description in the peer research to the more specific discussion in terms of models.  So, utilizing both these directions and informational, parameter spaces from your team investigations is extremely important.
      And, of course, the Holy Grail of them all which is the measurement of the Higgs coupling is one of the focuses.  EF02 is beyond standard model Higgs.  A lot of interaction with EF01, a lot of the themes are the same.  Investigating Higgs and flavor, investigating the Higgs and beyond.  The effect of global  in limiting the possible scale of the standard model and how does that happen on different machines has been part of the discussion preslowdown.  And has been maintained as background to new ideas and investigations that have been promoted individually or together with the EF01 during the pause and are now restarting full speed for the future series of meetings that they will advertise during their parallel sessions.  So, that they're organized together with EF01, EF03 and EF04.
      Coming to EF03, top and heavy flavor physics.  Of course, top physics is an integral part, has a lot of relevance for Higgs studies as well.  It's everywhere.  This group is intimately related to the study of the other electroweak groups as well as to the study of QCD, EF05 in particular.  So, prospects for precision measurements is one of their highlights.  They have developed a rich program.  Joined studies to determine fundamental parameter by the top mass.  Or effective couplings saying which of the top is involved as which we will hear in the next session, which is a parallel session dedicated to global feeds and EFTs.  And prospects for measuring other heavy flavors, bottom and charm, fundamental to both investigations physics and reaching future machines.
      EF04 is where everything comes together.  They have been extremely active in putting this very difficult problem.  The extension of the standard global model to include interactions.  They have now a task force in place.  A new effort that has been spearheaded by six members wanting to engage more and more people in these complicated studies that build on what the European strategy has brought us, but can happen much more to that.  And bring us to something that is now under the attention of the global community.  For instance, in conjunction with the similar efforts through the LHCEFT working groups and more.
      Moving on to highlights from the QCD topical groups.  5, 6 and 7.  They explore aspects of both perturbative in different regimes.  And there's the highlights, precision QCD.  Both of the aspects of QCD, even the physics of near future and far future hadron colliders is at the percent level.  They have been engaged in all these fronts from precision determination of stronger programmers, the strong coupling constant to the Monte Carlo, to quantifying and taking into account nonperturbative effects.  And as well as functions together with EF06.  Or if you want QCD strong interaction like jets in different regimes and in conjunction with EF07.  As we were saying, hadron  parton distribution functions are one of the parts of EF06.  They are specifically looking at QCD with hadronic structure and QCD.  They have added two more highlights which is both the analysis and study of QCD in highdensity regimes and that is becoming increasingly relevant with the HLLHC, the FCChh and the LHeC.  And one they have with another frontier, the nonperturbative models of hadron and hadron spectroscopy.  They are working with other groups as well as other frontiers that you are invited if you wanted to join or participate or be updated on their physics Langerhans.
      And finally, among the QCD EF07, EF07, heavy ions is a topical group that is an interfacer between particle and nuclear physics.  And because of that, living through the very exciting times of the EIC.  Because of that, has had to have a sort of slightly different schedule with respect to the other groups.  So, it doesn't  it didn't really lead through the pause that we have had for the past 6 months in the Snowmass community exercise because of its own time framework.  They also participated to other planning processes.  They have pushed forward during this time.  And they have contributed really important studies at the interface with particle physics colliders.  So, basically, the complementary of heavyion studies with heavy flavor studies, jet studies, electrical physics and even studies as planned for future colliders in particle physics.  They have dedicated parallel sessions and joint sessions with a topical group at this meeting.  And everybody interested in knowing about their studies and joining their studies is invited.
      Moving on to BSM topical groups.  As I outlined at the beginning, the approach has been both to contribute to studies in the QCD section, but also to develop two main leads.  One oriented toward modelspecific explorations and the other towards more general explorations.
      And as we all know, in this context, all models, all general explorations are particular  have a particular focus on one question.  Which is the question of dark matter, about dark matter, the origin and the nature of dark matter.  And that's the reason for the existence of  within the Energy Frontier of a specific group on dark matter colliders that has had a lot of overlaps with about other EF08 and EF09 as well as with other frontiers, in particular the cosmic frontier.  And by now has come up with really strong and important highlights that will be briefly overviewed here.
      So, specific explorations.  Of course, it involves going through several very promising and at the same time quite representative models.  And finding reasons to either explore them in conjunction or single them out for specific physics reasons.  They have had a huge activity during the prepause time.  And kept that going during the pause at a much slower pace.  But enough to keep connection and cohesiveness among the people working at that.
      Before the pause, they had to review with dedicated meetings and parallel activities all the different scenarios that they wanted to explore.  And they're now coming out after the pause with specific recommendations they have planned for their Monte Carlo needs.  They will discuss in the months to come finalizing their plots and tables and scenarios so that they wanted to propose for future colliders investigations.
      So, at the same time their activity is complemented and in conjunctions with the activity of EF09 which is a more generic exploration of B SM physics with future colliders in mind and with avoiding gaps in coverage, they have taken a different approach of optimizing searches at future colliders in classes of new particles that they wanted to explore and not miss.  That could be new heavy bosons, new fermions.  As well as focusing on searches or particles that we haven't thought of so far with characteristics or properties that we haven't considered.  So, exotic searches or searches as a prototype example.  And they will inform specific scenarios both at the theoretical and experimental level.
      So, in this context, we  the work of EF10 has tried to talk to both the EF topical groups, 8 and 9 and beyond EF at the cosmic frontier.  They have been very, very active before the pause that they have decided to use the slowdown period to connect to other activities in this very rich and very vital scenario that is the scenario of dark matter searches and dark matter  dark matter physics community.
      So, at this meeting that we present results from activities on Dark Showers in conjunction with EF09.  Or studies of WIMPs and colliders.  And they have been represented by younger members of the community which is very welcome.  In particular to engage them more and more in this Snowmass effort.  And they are recruiting more people interested in the topic.  So, we invite you to participate to their sessions.
      So, one last thing that we would like to advertise as one of the activities, not of a specific topical group, but of a forum that has been forming within the Energy Frontier during, as a matter of fact, the pause in particular is the Muon Collider forum.  This was started together with other initiatives around the world that are summarized in our backup slide.  And has been started, as I was saying, really when the pause was starting.  So, in January 2021.  So, they haven't really paused.  But they had four meetings during this time and an upcoming one on September 21st to which we are all invited.  They will have dedicated sessions during this workshop as well as unstructured discussions in which they will take time to both present the physics highlights.  So, how this machine responds to the main key question presented in the introduction to this talk as well as, of course, as a new technology highlights on accelerators and detectors.  So, please join the discussion.
      So, I would like to conclude by reminding that what has been the main spirit of the Energy Frontier?  And what we have been wanting to stress and around which we have informed these restart workshops is the synergy between topical group and other frontier.  And in the plot, you can see the overlap between electroweak, BSM, and QCD and other parts of the group is the other Snowmass Frontier.  From the computational to the ray processes, Cosmic Frontier, Chain of Frontier, and last but not last, the Neutrino Frontier.  And if we have a look back at our program, you can see that most of the spirit of this workshop has been crossbreeding and talking to each other
      So, starting from the plenary talks.  Some of which have been dedicated to speakers that are mainly active in other frontiers, the instrumentation frontier, the accelerator frontier.  We have a plenary discussion with the theory frontier.  And the joint sessions among topical groups and informed instructor discussion with other frontier.  The accelerator frontier, the community engagement frontier and the computational frontier.  One last instructor discussion section we would like to bring strongly your attention to is the last one.  The one we're gonna have on Friday where we all come together to really plan and discuss how we want to present the results.  This is a discussion of themes.  And how we want the themes to make it to plots and tables.  So, please participate to these joint discussion and sessions and bring your contribution now and in the months to come to the success of the physics program of the Energy Frontier.  Thank you.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you, Laura, for a very extensive quick summary of all the work which has been going on during the slowdown.  Any questions or comments for Laura?  Please raise your hand.  Okay.  So, there is one raised hand.  Please go ahead.
      >> Yes, hello.  Hi.  So, I'm  I'm wondering whether anybody in this forum is  is considering the need of analysis preservation and reuse?  Specifically but not only for the Higgs sites.  It's not so obvious to bring everything together in a coherent picture and actually arrive at the global field where all the experimental data is already bringing the results together is not so easy.  And when looking at the more distant future, incorporating maybe also  it's also other experiments, other colliders.  With the way the results of the research is really, really important.
      LAURA: Yeah.
      >> In the longterm, is anybody really considering this?
      LAURA: Yeah.  This is a big problem.  And this is an important one.  And definitely will need to be discussed.  So, from the point of view of, of course, not losing memory of what has been done, a lot of the working groups, all of them, I would say, started their work up from reviewing what was going on with the European strategy.  And building on that.  But I think that your question goes even farther than that.  Is really not losing track of analysis and work that has been done within also the experimental community.  And I think that we're all aware of that and if it would be good also, and I think during this meeting we have a discussion planned to ensure that  to try to address this problem.  But more specific discussions are welcomed and requested, definitely Snowmass, as you say, is a place where this discussion should happen.
      >> Thanks.  I think Alessandro wants to comment as well.
      ALESSANDRO: Yes, thank you.  I just wanted to point out that we have a session on Tuesday.  The session with the computational frontier which is shown there in green on Tuesday afternoon, 1 to 2:30.  And I think that could actually be a good place to bring this up.  Because although it's not computational, but data preservation is part of the data storage.  And the formatting for the future.  So, I think it's a very important topic.  And maybe that's a good place to bring this up.  So, I'll keep that in mind and hopefully you can join the discussion too.
      >> Yes, I'm planning to  we have already been discussing a white paper for Snowmass.  Particularly on these issues.  But it's very little discussed in the physics Corp.  And there has to be more communication in my mind.  So, this may be useful.
      ALESSANDRO: Let's put that in the list of things you want to discuss in that session.  Thank you.
      LAURA: Thank you.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you.  And I think we will move on to the  thank you, Laura.  And move on to the next speaker which is John Stupak.  And he's going to give us a summary of the progress made from Monte Carlo productions and future plans and effort.  Thank you.  Please go ahead, John.  Yep.  We see your slides.
      JOHN: Okay.  Thank you, Meenakshi.  So, I'm going to try to keep this quick and to the point and give you the  the status on production of background Monte Carlo samples on behalf of several people whose names you'll see in a minute.
      So, Alessandro kind of went over this background already.  So, I won't go into any detail.  I'll just say we have a Wiki here where you can go to find any information on  related to the stuff I'm gonna talk about today.  It's not super wellpopulated at the moment.  But we're gonna add more information to it.
      And here's  so, the back story is that the Monte Carlo Production Task Force came up with a plan for production of Monte Carlo samples.  That plan is being carried bout I the Monte Carlo production team who consists of the folks here.  For reasons, we have lost about half of these folks to attrition.  We had to pause, things come up and people have to refocus their efforts.  There's really just two people who actively have their hands on code and developing things.  And we really need additional purpose power to develop this workflow and validate the samples.  I have a link here.  If you have any spare time, please click this link.  And, of course, I do value everyone's contributions who have been contributing so far.  Whether they're actively contributing with their hands on code, or providing technical expertise and attending meetings.  Everyone's efforts are very welcome.
      These are the colliders and energies we plan to support as a  for the community.  We have, you know, the circular machines, the linear machines, we've got the Muon Collider there.  EH, we want to support everything that the community has an interest in.  This is what the current plan is.
      We plan to produce these hh samples that I had listed on that table proactively.  Meaning you don't necessarily have to request them, we're going to go ahead and produce them no matter what because we're pretty confident they're needed.  The ee, eh and mumu samples will only be requested on demand.  So far we have no requests for these samples.  So, if no one asked for it, it's not gonna get produced.  If you need those samples, that's fine, let us know at the link here.  And we would be happy to help you.  But otherwise, we're not gonna do it if no one needs it.
      The OSG has been very generous and is helping us out a lot with this production.  They offered  they set up this really nice machine, a dedicated machine, Snow connect.  If you have heard of OSG connects, it's relatively familiar to you.  It's very similar to those.  It's an interactive login node, batch submission and a lot of storage.  So, this is a really nice machine.  We're gonna use it to produce the Monte Carlo for everyone to use.  But these resources can also be used by anyone for any Snowmass use case.  The OSG would be very happy to see us using this and burning CPU cycles that they can report to their funding agencies.  So, they would be very happy for us to use this.
      It's better than my local tier 3.  I love using this machine.  I use it every chance I get.  If you don't have an account yet, you can request one here.  There's documentation here.  And we are using Slack for user support and discussion.  So, please, feel free to use these resources.
      A few words on what we're not going to do.  We are not going to be producing any signal Monte Carlo.  Signal Monte Carlo's not really  is specialized and it doesn't require a ton of resources.  So, we think people can generally do signal production Monte Carlo on their own.  But you can use the resources to generate your signal Monte Carlo if you need to.  And we are not going to produce any full sim samples.  The reason for in is all of the future collider groups are allowing people to do studies with their existing full sim samples.  They make minor and reasonable impositions.  Like if you are going to use their Monte Carlo, attend a meeting of theirs every now and then and present your work so they get to scrutinize it to some degree.  If you want to do some study and you require the accuracy of full sim, you should be talking to the future collider study groups.  Unless  if they don't have something you need, you can talk to us, and we can see about getting it produced.
      But because using full sim Monte Carlo from a foreign experiment is tricky, there's a bit of a learning curve, we did organize a series of Monte Carlo tutorials for each of these, you know, future colliders that you see here.  ILC actually did a few tutorials.  One was sort of a general wizard tutorial, and they did an analysis walk through.  But the other experiments have also done a nice tutorial.  If you want to use any of this full sim and you are confused how to get started, these would be a good resource.
      So, what are we gonna do?  We're gonna produce a whole bunch of Monte Carlo with Delphes fast simulation.  It's widelyused, well known, fast and accurate enough for most Snowmass studies.  And there are detectors cards that have been blessed by all of these future collider study groups already.  So, we can just go ahead and use those blessed cards and generate the Monte Carlo.  That's what the plan is.
      Now since we're focused initially on hadron colliders, because as I said, that's where we know we're definitely going to end up producing some Monte Carlo.  So, I'll go into some detail on the strategy there.
      You know, when you're talking about a hundred TeV collider, the cross sections for even what we consider rare processes like triboson production, these become large.  And we have to worry about a whole wide range of backgrounds.  And we're trying to anticipate all the different kinds of studies that people might want to do.  So, we have to be really inclusive and try to generate as many standard model backgrounds as possible.  And that requires some organization in order to keep things sensible and limit the number of samples we're producing.
      So, we're following a similar strategy that we followed in 2013.  And here is sort of the way we've categorized different standard model processes.  We've grouped them into groups of processes that have similar cross sections so we can just generate one sample and we'll get a significant number of events for all of the processes we've lumped together.  The B here basically means a boson, photon, WZ, and sometimes Higgs.  We have Boson, tryBoson, diBoson.  And LL is a lepton, that's off shell dileptons.  LLB is offshelf leptons plus a boson.  Single top, single top plus a Boson.  We veto the onshell propagators to develop all of the processes orthogonal to one another.  In 2013, we took each of these samples that's listed here and sliced it in Ht and had, you know, so four to six slices in Ht for each of these samples.  Which obviously blew up the total number of samples and the, you know, the organization became a little bit trickier.
      So, we would like to not have to do that.  And so, the plan this time instead of slicing an Ht, we want to use something called a bias function that can bias the generation of the matrix at events at matrix element level to large Ht.  And we think we can solve the problem that way and just have one sample per process group here.
      And in 2013 what we did was we treated all the onshells residences at stable at matrix element level and then decayed them democratically using bridge.  By "democratically," basically equal branching ratio to hadrons, and enhance our statistics and final states with lots of leptons.  Bridge is kind of an old product although this point and we want to move to something more modern.  We want to use MadSpin to replace that functionality.
      I'm talking about biasing things in terms of lepton multiplicity and in terms of Ht.  So the way we did previously and the way we will again recover our physical distributions is via the use of an event wait.  So, there will be one event wait calculated in the file.  You will have to apply that event wait and you will recover physical distributions.
      So, again, here's the proposed workflow that we wanted to use.  We wanted to use MadGraph where we would generate up to 4 partons at the level.  Pp goes to tt, or tt + j, or tt + two jets.  We would then use MadSpin to perform a series of 1 to N decays of these heavy resonances.  That takes our tt + jj final state all the way to an 8 parton final state.  By using MadSpin we are able to generate an 8 parton final state in the amount of time it would take to generate basically a 4 parton final state.  So, saves a lot of CPU.  And use Pythia for showering and hadronization, and Delphes for detector simulation.  This is the proposed workflow.  Now let me talk about the statuses
      Things.
      I wanted to do had Ht bias.  This is from 2013 where we had a sample in four different Ht slices that when combined together gives a smoothly falling Ht distribution.  This time, rather than slicing, we want to bias the generation in Ht.  What I did is I generated a diboson in black with no bias.  And then in red and blue, I diced the sample to large Ht or large Ht squared in the case of blue.  We have enhanced our statistics at high Wpt in the red and blue.  But when I apply the event wait that MadGraph calculates, they turn into the green and yellow distribution.  Which if I zoom in, does match the unbiased distribution.  But we have far smaller error bars on the Monte Carlo and green than the yellow and black.  We have decreased the statistical uncertainty.  And here's the Wa distribution as well.  It gets corrected with this event weight.
      This is a bit of a work in progress.  It seems to be working here.  But we need more validation of this before we feel it's really ready to deploy wide scale.  On MadSpin.  If you're unfamiliar with MadSpin, it does a series of one to two decays and have the finite width effects.  But the devil is in the details.  MadSpin can only do one to two decays.  We cannot go Higgs to four fermions in the mode.  What the authors did was developed another mode specifically for decaying scalers like the Higgs where it allows you to decay to 4 fermions.  But unfortunately, you can't combine these different modes of operation in a single job.  We have to choose if we wanted to decay tops, Ws and Zs with their spincorrelations, or decay to 4 fermions.  But we can't do both in a single sample.  The answer is fairly obvious, generate a separate Higgs strategy from a top, a W or a Z and then use the appropriate mode in both cases.  The only problem is what to do with samples like VH or ttH.  We have both particles that we want to decay with spin correlations, and the Higgs which we want to decay to 4 fermions.
      There's another wrinkle because we also want to use MadSpin to enhance our rare decays.  I'm using the term "rare" here very loosely to even include W and Z decays to leptons.  So, I'm working with Olivier Mattelaer, one of the MadGraph authors to develop this capability in MadSpin.  His initial idea only worked for WZ and top studies.  On the left, it's raw Monte Carlo events.  And this red sample is what you get, you know, with  this is ttbar, so, this is, you know, the raw lepton multiplicity distribution in red.  What I did artificially in green is artificially biased to high lepton multiplicity, right?  We see this green distribution shifting to the right.
      But then when you apply the Monte Carlo event wait that MadSpin calculated, go from these to these distributions.  And the green distribution perfectly matches the nominal lepton multiplicity distribution.  So, we had figured something out that worked for W/Zs and top decays, but not for Higgs.  Olivier has something to work out, but August vacations got in the way of things, and I need to come back to that.  But it's something we're working on.
      MEENAKSHI: John, could you wrap up.
      JOHN: Sorry, yeah.  So, here's, again, the proposed workflow.  It was MadGraph with an Ht bias, followed by MadSpin with the bias, followed by Pythia and Delphes.  To get things for today, we had a simpler workflow, replaced this blob here with Pythia.  We're generating up to four partons with MadGraph, decaying them with Pythia so we have no spin correlations and doing detector simulation with Delphes.  This is not validated yet.  We just put the finishing touches on some grid packs on Friday and we have let the grid churn over the weekend to produce some Monte Carlo for today.
      So, these samples are imperfect.  We're never gonna be able to populate the tails of the distributions with this simple strategy.  So, we need to do better.  But we need more person power to help us with that.  So, please, if you're interested in getting involved with this, please, you know, click the link here and volunteer.  Or volunteer your student or postdoc.
      So, Andrew has been submitting and monitoring jobs over the weekend using this Snowmass Monte Carlo framework that he developed.  We're running at 13 and 100 TeV with the F CC Delphes card for both.  It will be available here soon.  It's in a temporary location and we have to transfer it over to its permanent home.  And we're working on easier web access for that.
      But we have some events here for these processes.  All of the ones I mentioned except for the, you know, the gluon fusion Higgs sample which will be available soon.  But we have something like 8 terabytes of data that we produced this weekend and people can take a look at.  Again, it's not validated.  So, we're crowd sourcing this and need help validating this.  If you want to help validate and help develop new Monte Carlo techniques, whatever.  Please click this link and let us know.  And then here's my summary.  The two most important things are that we need volunteers.  And if you need more info on anything I said, here is the link to the Wiki which should have the info.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you, John, for a very nice overview and the progress on the Monte Carlo generations.  Thank you very much to you and your team.  At this point, I would like to see if anyone has any questions or comments?  I see Michael, please go ahead, Michael.
      >> Yes.  So, John didn't say anything about the E plus, E minus resources.  But I would just like to say that the ILC team even last fall set up a web page with a great deal of simulation data at all of the relevant energies, 250, 500, 350 and 1 TeV together with tutorials and some documentation.  And I think there are several groups that are using this now who are new to the plus and minus studies.  But I encourage other people who would like to do studies in E plus and E minus to visit this page.  All the standard model backgrounds are there so you don't have to do that.  It's  this page is at the level of Delphes.  But let me just say, linear, circular, all the E plus and E minus machines are basically looking at the same physics.  There it is.  We really encourage you to use all the simulation data that is here.  A lot of interesting studies can be done.  If you have questions, please feel free to write to me by email and I can get you connected to the right people.  If you want to do full simulation, I can also get you connected to the people that can help you with that.  So, it's there.  Please use it.  And hopefully we can do some something studies.
      JOHN: Thank you for that reminder, yes.  The ILC was really fantastic in putting together great documentation.  So, it should be easy for people to jump in.
      >> Yeah, I'll put the URL in the chat.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you, John and Michael.  So, next hand that's raised is MarcAndre.  Please go ahead.
      >> Hello, this is MarcAndre speaking.  I have a question about the Monte Carlo samples.  Is there a way to access the card files, because if you want people to generate the single Monte Carlo samples, they need to be able to access the background settings so they can make sure things are generated consistently from the PDFs used to all the other nitty gritty details?  I think it would be very good to have access to the card files.  And at least glancing through the Wiki page, I was unable to find them.
      JOHN: Yeah, the page I need to update with the latest stuff going on.  We have been focused on getting it produced first.  But if all that nitty gritty info is available at the link here at the bottom of this slide which shows exactly how we're installing things.  And then there's, you know, the one  the cards.  The one nondefault card we're using right now is in that directory.
      >> Thank you.
      JOHN: If anything is unclear, though, please let me know and I'll make sure to add that.
      >> Thanks.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you, John and MarcAndre.  So, next is Jeff.
      >> Yeah.  Hi, thanks, John, for the talk and all the hard work from everybody in the task force.  It's great to see.  My question is basically along the lines of MarcAndres about trying to coordinate different settings between people who are going to be generating signal Monte Carlo and what the  how the background samples would be produced.  So, maybe one thing that I guess hasn't been talked about is whether a pileup is included in these background samples and how people generating signal might include those.  And maybe to ask if it's possible that we could avoid sort of mismatches in Delphes card parameter settings by sending the Monte Carlo task force a grid pack or something like that and they handle the Delphes part of the workflow.
      JOHN: That's something we've talked a little bit about inside the task force.  We want to make it easy to generate signal.  But so far we have focused on getting the background stuff generated.  We have to the quite figured out if we're going to support if people give us a grid pack, we run it.  I don't see how we can't do that.  Once you have the grid pack, it's pretty easy to turn the crank and let it run.  But we will make sure everyone has the info they need to produce equivalent signal Monte Carlo.  On the pileup question, we're using the official FCChh card.  The approach they took was they do not explicitly overlay pileup events on the hard scatter events.  They have parameterized the performance of the detector in the presence of pileup and fed that into the card.  We're implicitly taking into account the degradation of performance.  What people have to do is use the same blessed FCChh card with Delphes and they should be fine.
      >> Great.  Yeah.  That helps clarify things for me.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you.  I think the last question would be from Sergo.
      >> Thanks, Meenakshi.  I wanted to comment in line what's been previously said.  But in regards to the Muon collider.  John has said there haven't been a lot of requests.  I know a fair amount of people are actually generating private samples both in full sim and  but we do have links to the handson tutorial.  We have material on how to generate those samples.  And also, I encourage people who are new and interested in engaging in simulation to contact us.  Laura had our contact information on the slides, I believe.  Or a pointer to a Wiki where you can find all the information.  So, reach out to us and we'll be able to get you going with simulation or, you know, help you to simulate samples you need.
      JOHN: Yeah.  Just to clarify.  When I say we haven't gotten any requests, I mean, the Monte Carlo production team.  That's completely separate from, you know, what the Muon Collider folks might be hearing from people interested in that, or ILC folks are hearing from folks interested in the ILC.  I drew a hard line on ee and eh samples.  Because the Muon Collider is in a unique position and playing a catchup to the other ideas, I didn't draw a hard line on Muon.  If there's something with the Muon colliders that come up in the future and we can help, let us know.
      MEENAKSHI: Thank you very much, John, for this detailed presentation.  And with this, I'm gonna close the first plenary and we thank all the speakers for today's talk.  Alessandro, Laura and John.  And for a nice summary of the work going on in the last few months during the slowdown or pause of the Snowmass.  And the next session is going to be on discussion on global EFT fits.  For that session, I'm gonna hand it over to Alberto and others to convene it.  We are running a bit late.  I'm going to stop this recording.  And
      ALESSANDRO: One organizational announcement.  So, the other sessions are not captioned.  First of all, I want to thank Amanda from White Coat captioned the plenary session.  The captioning will continue in the next plenary session which will be after the break after this parallel session.  So, and now I'll hand it over to the conveners for this session.  Thank you very much.  [End of captioning]