Conveners
Photodetectors: SiPMs
- Peter Krizan (University of Ljubljana and J. Stefan Institute)
- Lindley Winslow (MIT)
Photodetectors: Systems
- Peter Krizan (University of Ljubljana and J. Stefan Institute)
- Lindley Winslow (MIT)
Photodetectors: Shorter Wavelengths
- Peter Krizan (University of Ljubljana and J. Stefan Institute)
- Lindley Winslow (MIT)
Photodetectors: Longer Wavelengths
- Lindley Winslow (MIT)
- Peter Krizan (University of Ljubljana and J. Stefan Institute)
Barium fluoride (BaF$_2$) has a scintillation light component with a decay time shorter than 600 ps, the fastest of any inorganic scintillator, and is also quite radiation hard. This makes BaF$_2$ an excellent candidate for an electromagnetic calorimeter for the next generation of rare decay experiments, as it could provide superb time resolution, high rate capability and excellent radiation...
Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are important tools for the detection and counting of single photons with excellent timing capabilities. I will give an overview of the physical mechanisms that determine the time resolution and the efficiency of these detectors. I will show calculations indicating that single-photon time resolutions of better than 10...
Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as a compelling photo-sensor solution over the course of the last decade. SiPMs consist of an array of tightly packed microcells with each microcell acting as an avalanche photodiode that can behave in the Geiger mode regime when the device is reverse biased above a threshold voltage (breakdown voltage). In contrast to the widely used...
The need to operate SiPM after very high radiation levels in current and future HEP detectors is growing. The proposed CMS MTD Barrel timing layer (BTL) will see a total neutron flux of 2E14 n/cm2 (1 MeV eq.) at the end of operation (EOO). This new sub-detector is located just outside of the CMS Tracker and is already planned to be operating at a cryogenic temperature of -35°C. In the last...
We present a design concept and preliminary results for a method to increase the light collected by a sparse array of SiPMs, by placing a metalens in front of each photodetector. A metalens is a flat lens that uses nanostructures on the surface to focus incident light. Metalenses offer similar focusing power to traditional lenses, but with reduced bulk and cost, and can be mass-produced in...
Amorphous selenium (a-Se) is a glass-former capable of deposition at high rates by thermal evaporation over a large area. It has a bandgap of 2.2 eV and can achieve a photodetection efficiency of approximately 90% at a wavelength of 400 nm. The optical photogeneration efficiency in a-Se depends on the photon energy, the applied electric field and temperature. The Onsager approach has been used...
Active shielding is essential in modern experimental particle physics, it provides a robust means to cross-check the potential signal of the main detector. The liquid scintillator (LS) is widely used in neutrino and dark matter physics. Their high light yield, long term stability and potential for mass production makes them an ideal material for large scale detectors. However, the production...
Plastic scintillators are one of the most widely used active materials in nuclear and particle physics experiments. Their reliability, simplicity to operate, and low-cost make them the material of choice for many applications. The introduction of modern additive manufacturing techniques opens the possibility of expanding their use to increased complexity or production scales through 3D...
The Mu2e experiment is designed to search for the charged-lepton-flavor-violating process, 𝜇− to a 𝑒−, with unprecedented sensitivity. The single 105-MeV electron that results from this process can be mimicked by electrons produced by cosmic-ray muons traversing the detector. An active veto detector surrounding the apparatus is used to detect incoming cosmic-ray muons. To reduce the...
Identifying Cherenkov photons produced when charged particles interact with scintillators provides additional information about the interaction, including directionality and particle identification, while maintaining the excellent energy and position resolution typical of scintillator detectors. The difference in arrival times of photons with different wavelengths also provides information...
New developments in liquid scintillator and photon detection technologies make it possible to discriminate between Cherenkov and scintillation signals in large scale detectors. The Theia design leverages these advances to combine the particle direction and identification properties of Cherenkov light with the higher light yield and energy resolution of scintillator to create a broad physics...
The demand for fast-timing photodetectors is ever-increasing to enhance the capability for better event reconstruction in neutrino and high-energy physics experiments. Large Area Picosecond Photo-Detectors (LAPPDs), which are 20 cm x 20 cm flat panel, micro-channel plate (MCP) based photodetectors bring considerable new capabilities for neutrino event reconstruction in Cherenkov and...
We present results from the aging test of a recently fabricated 20 cm × 20 cm Large Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD) by INCOM Inc. A differentiating feature of LAPPD is the use of ALD-GCA-micro channel plates (MCPs) fabricated by utilizing atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology to coat the resistive and emissive films to the surface of bare glass capillary arrays. LAPPD has the largest...
The RICH-1 detector of the COMPASS Experiment at CERN has been upgraded in 2016 with four MPGD-based photon detectors covering a total active area of 1.5 m$^2$. They consist in a hybrid combination of two THGEM layers and a Micromegas and convert VUV photons in a CsI layer on one THGEM. The anode is segmented in square pads of 8 mm pitch and the signal is read out via capacitive coupling by an...
We present results from our ongoing development of Geiger-mode GaN-photodiodes. Motivated by the silicon photomultiplier's great success, our objective is to transfer the silicon-photomultiplier concept - a matrix of individually quenched single-photon avalanche diodes - to GaN and AlGaN. These are wide band-gap III-N semiconductors with much better intrinsic (V)UV sensitivity than silicon,...
Neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu \beta \beta$) is an extremely rare nuclear decay that occurs when two neutrons in a nucleus simultaneously beta decay without producing any antineutrinos. If observed, $0\nu \beta \beta$ would be the rarest decay process observed, and long target half lives of $10^{28}$ years necessitate development of new background suppression and signal identification...
Skipper-CCD is able to measure the charge in each pixel, repeatedly, in a non-destructive way. As a result, the readout noise can be reduced as much as desired [Tiffenberg et al, 2017]. It allows the precise counting of the number of electrons in each pixel ranging from empty pixel to more than 1900 electrons [Rodrigues et al. 2021]. In addition, they account for very high quantum efficiency...
We survey developed techniques in MEMS/NEMS and silicon foundaries used to form vacuum micromachined photodetectors, with gain from dynodes or nanomachined microchannel plates, and to form high quantum efficiency photocathodes because of geometric field or topological areal enhancements. Examples and properties of recent and proposed devices will be shown. Prospects for novel materials such as...
We propose the design of an ultra-sensitive THz photon detector based on a superconducting Cooper Pair Transistor (CPT). A photon absorber is connected to the gate electrode, which is coupled to a quarter wavelength coplanar-waveguide (CPW) resonator. Photon-generated quasiparticles in the absorber modify the charge on the gate, which modulates the resonator inductance that results in a shift...
Over the past decade, advances in arrays of superconducting detectors have revolutionized the field of mm-wave cosmology. Large-format arrays of thousands of transition-edge sensors (TESs) have provided an exquisite view of the mm-wave sky. The next decade promises to continue this trend, with a number of upcoming experiments such as the Simon's Observatory, CCAT-prime, SP-TMA, and CMB-S4....
Line intensity mapping (LIM) is an emerging observational technique to measure the large-scale structure of the Universe in three dimensions, traced by a redshifted emission line, without resolving individual objects. Future experiments promise to extend the observable volume beyond the redshift reach of traditional galaxy surveys, improving precision on the LCDM cosmological model and...
Microwave kinetic inductance detectors provide a scalable platform for mapping the cosmic microwave background, especially at frequencies above 150 GHz, where arrays of transition-edge sensors cannot be made densely enough to efficiently sample telescope focal planes. Arcminute-resolution CMB observations at these higher frequencies can fill a unique niche in cosmology, yielding high-fidelity...
This note concentrates on calorimetry which will survive, with energy-flow, rate, and timing, in the forward region of future colliders, high intensity experiments, and orbiting systems. It uses PMT as direct calorimeter sensors to detect shower particles via Cerenkov light in the PMT window, and/or by direct secondary emission from shower particles traversing the dynodes. The secondary...